Interview Fundamentals
Avineri, N. (2017). Research methods for language teaching: Inquiry, process, and synthesis. Palgrave.
Binder, A., Davis, D. & Bloom, N. (2015). Career funneling: How elite students learn to define and desire “prestigious” jobs. Sociology of Education, 89(1), 20-39. doi:10.1177/0038040715610883
Blackstone, A. (2012). Principles of sociological inquiry: Qualitative and quantitative methods. Saylor Academy. https://saylordotorg.github.io/text_principles-of-sociological-inquiry-qualitative-and-quantitative-methods/
Cohen, D. & Crabtree, B. (2006, July). Qualitative Research Guidelines Project. Robert Woods Jones Foundation. http://www.qualres.org/HomeFocu-3647.html
Crossman, A. (2019, August 16). How to conduct a sociology research interview. ThoughtCo. https://www.thoughtco.com/in-depth-interview-3026535
DeVault, G. (2020, December 5). What is a market research focus group? The Balance Small Business. https://www.thebalancesmb.com/what-is-a-market-research-focus-group-2296907
Gibbs, A. (1997). Focus groups. Social Research Update. https://sru.soc.surrey.ac.uk/SRU19.html
Gibbs, G.R. (2011, November 21). Research Interviewing Part 2: The Pros and Cons of Interviewing [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4PbB2sAq-PQ
Gundumogula, M. (2020). Importance of focus groups in qualitative research. International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 8(11), 299-302. doi: 10.24940/theijhss/2020/v8/i11/HS2011-082. https://hal.univ-lorraine.fr/hal-03126126/document
Hollan, D. (2005). Setting a new standard: The person-centered interviewing and observation of Robert I. Levy. Ethos, 33(4), 459-466. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3651852
Krueger, R. & Casey. M.A. (2014). Participants in a focus group. In R. Krueger & M.A. Casey (Eds.)., Focus groups: A practical guide for applied research (pp. 63-83). SAGE Publishing.
Krueger, R. (2002, October). Designing and conducting focus group interviews. Eastern Illinois University. https://www.eiu.edu/ihec/Krueger-FocusGroupInterviews.pdf
Krueger, R. (2015, July 28). Moderating focus groups [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xjHZsEcSqwo
Lareau, A. (2021). Listening to people: A practical guide to interviewing, participant observation, data analysis, and writing it all up. University of Chicago Press.
Quirkos- Simple Qualitative Analysis Software. (2019, June 14). Using semi-structured interviews in qualitative research [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WgtLTSB6NIg
Reese, A. (2019). Black food geographies: Race, self-reliance, and food access in Washington D.C. Chapel Hill University of North Carolina Press.
Rubin, H.J. & Rubin, I.S. (2011). Qualitative interviewing: The art of hearing data. SAGE Publications Inc.
Sereda, V. (2020). ‘Social distancing’ and hierarchies of belonging: The case of displaced population from Donbas and Crimea. Europe-Asia Studies, 72(3), 404-431. https://doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2020.1719043
Thompson, T. (2021, September 22). Young people’s climate anxiety revealed in landmark survey. Nature. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-02582-8
Valenzuela, D. & Shrivasta, P. (n.d.). Interview as a method for qualitative research [PowerPoint slides]. Arizona State University. https://www.public.asu.edu/~kroel/www500/Interview%20Fri.pdf
Interview Planning
Avineri, N. (2017). Research methods for language teaching: Inquiry, process, and synthesis. Macmillan Education UK.
Bryman, A. (2016). Social research methods (5th ed.). Oxford University Press.
Gerson, K. & Damaske, S. (2020). The science and art of interviewing. Oxford University Press.
Harrison, C. (2007, November 17). Tip sheet on question wording. Harvard University Program on Survey Research. https://psr.iq.harvard.edu/files/psr/files/PSRQuestionnaireTipSheet_0.pdf
IfD Qualitative Research Specialists. (2018, Feb 15). Semi-structured interviews guide [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8z8XV1S7548.
McNamara, C. (n.d.). General guidelines for conducting interviews. Free Management Library. https://managementhelp.org/businessresearch/interviews.htm#anchor615874
Rubin, H.J. & Rubin, I.S. (2011). Qualitative interviewing: The art of hearing data. SAGE Publications Inc.
Participants and Sampling
Arcury, T.A. & Quandt, S.A. (1999). Participant recruitment for qualitative research: A site-based approach to community research in complex societies. Human Organization, 58(2), 128-133. Retrieved June 16, 2021, from https://www.jstor.org/stable/44126647?seq=2#metadata_info_tab_contents
Catalogue of Bias Collaboration. (2017). Catalogue of Bias. https://catalogofbias.org/biases/selection-bia
CrashCourse. (2018, March 28). Sampling Methods and Bias with Surveys [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rf-fIpB4D50.
DeCarlo, M., Cummings, C. & Agnelli, K. (2020). Quantitative sampling. In M. DeCarlo, C. Cummings & K. Agnelli (Eds.), Graduate research methods in social work. Pressbooks. Retrieved from https://viva.pressbooks.pub/mswresearch/chapter/10-quantitative-sampling/.
DeCarlo, M. (2018). Scientific inquiry in social work. PressBooks. Retrieved June 16, 2021, from https://scientificinquiryinsocialwork.pressbooks.com/chapter/10-2-sampling-in-qualitative-research/
Ellard-Gray, A., Jeffrey, N.K., Choubak, M. & Crann, S.E. (2015). Finding the hidden participant: Solutions for recruiting hidden, hard-to-reach, and vulnerable populations. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 14(5), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406915621420
ELLICSR. (2017, July 18). What is Informed Consent // Informed Consent Training [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BXQHDCWSt-Q.
Evans, A.N. & Rooney, B.J. (2011). Selecting research participants. In A.N. Evans & B.J. Rooney (Eds.), Methods in Psychological Research, (pp. 116-129). SAGE Publications Inc.
Glen, S. (2017, July 30). Self-selection bias. Statistics How To. https://www.statisticshowto.com/self-selection-bias/
Harvart Catalyst. (2017). The use of social media in recruitment to research: A guide for investigators and IRBs. Retrieved June 24, 2021, from https://catalyst.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/regulatory/Social_Media_Guidance.pdf
Henrich, J., Heine, S.J. & Norenzayan, A. (2010). The weirdest people in the world? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 33(1), 61-135. doi:10.1017/S0140525X0999152X
Mack, N., Woodsong, C., MacQueen, K.M., Guest, G. & Namey, E. (2005). Qualitative research methods: A data collector’s field guide. Family Health International.
Robinson, O.C. (2014). Sampling in interview-based qualitative research: A theoretical and practical guide. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 11(1), 25-41. https://doi.org/10.1080/14780887.2013.801543
Roulston, K. (2018, March 12). Recruiting participants for a qualitative research study. Qualpage. https://qualpage.com/2018/03/12/recruiting-participants-for-a-qualitative-research-study/
Sargeant, J. (2012). Qualitative research part II: Participants, analysis, and quality assurance. Journal of Graduate Medical Education. http://dx.doi.org/10.4300/JGME-D-11-00307.1
Saunders, B., Sim, J., Kingstone, T., Baker, S., Waterfield, J., Bartlam, B., Burroughs, H., & Jinks, C. (2018). Saturation in qualitative research: exploring its conceptualization and operationalization. Quality & Quantity, 52(4), 1893–1907. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-017-0574-8
The Decision Lab (n.d.). Why responses to a survey or experiment can be inaccurate due to the nature of the survey or experiment. https://thedecisionlab.com/biases/response-bias/.
The National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research. (1979). The Belmont Report: Ethical principles and guidelines for the protection of human subjects of research. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Retrieved July 1, 2021 from https://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/sites/default/files/the-belmont-report-508c_FINAL.pdf
Conducting the Interview
Allen, M. (2017). Interviews, Recording, and Transcribing. In M. Allen (ed.), The SAGE Encyclopedia of Communication Research Methods. SAGE Publications Inc. https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781483381411.n275
American Psychological Association. (n.d.). Informed consent. In APA dictionary of psychology. Retrieved June 11, 2021, from https://dictionary.apa.org/informed-consent
Avineri, N. (2017). Research methods for language teaching: Inquiry, process, and synthesis. Palgrave.
Block, E.S. & Erskine, L. (2012). Interviewing by telephone: Specific considerations, opportunities, and challenges. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 11(4), 428-445. https://doi.org/10.1177/160940691201100409
Bourgois, P. & Schonberg, J. (2009). Righteous dopefiend. University of California Press.
Burke-Smalley, L.A. & Miller, M.K. (2001). Phone interviewing as a means of data collection: Lessons learned and practice recommendations. Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 2(2). Retrieved April 2021, from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277210905_Phone_Interviewing_as_a_Means_of_ Data_Collection_Lessons_Learned_and_Practical_Recommendations
Cook, B. (n.d.). Are you recording this? – the case for audio recording interviews [Unpublished manuscript]. Academy of Marketing Science.
Colorado State University Global. (2021, May 10). What is active listening? 4 tips for improving communication skills. CSU Global. https://csuglobal.edu/blog/what-active-listening-4-tips-improving-communication-skills
Counseling Service of Addison County. (n.d.). Services – CSAC. https://www.csac-vt.org/what_we_do/overview.html
DeCarlo, M. (2018). Scientific inquiry in social work. PressBooks. https://scientificinquiryinsocialwork.pressbooks.com/
Durkin, J., Jackson, D. & Usher, K. (2020). Qualitative research interviewing: Reflections on power, silence, and assumptions. Nursing Research, 28(4), 31-35. doi: 10.7748/nr2020e1725.
Emerald Publishing. (n.d.). How to… conduct interviews. Emerald Group Publishing. https://www.emeraldgrouppublishing.com/how-to/observation/conduct-interviews
Farooq, M.B. & De Villiers, C. (2017). Telephonic qualitative research interviews, when to consider them and how to do them. Meditari Accountancy Research, 25(2), 291-316. doi:10.1108/MEDAR-10-2016-0083
Gibbs, G.R. (2013, January 18). How to do a research interview [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9t-_hYjAKww
Given, L.M. (2008). Active listening. In L.M. Given (ed.), The SAGE Encyclopedia of Qualitative Research Methods. SAGE Publications Inc.https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781412963909.n5.
Harvard University Sociology Department. (n.d.). Strategies for qualitative interviews.https://sociology.fas.harvard.edu/files/sociology/files/interview_strategies.pdf
Karnieli-Miller, O., Strier, R. & Pessach, L. (2009). Power relations in qualitative research. Qualitative Health Research, 19(20, 279-289. doi: 10.1177/1049732308329306.
Kural, E. (2020, January 25). Interview techniques and how to record interviews. Scrintal. https://blog.scrintal.com/interview-techniques-and-how-to-record-interviews-d9bf0a9a19d4
Louw, S., Todd, R.W. & Jimakorn, P. (2011, April). Active listening in qualitative research interviews [Conference presentation]. International Conference: Doing Research in Applied Linguistics, Bangkok. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268520772_Active_Listening_in_Qualitative_Research_ Interviews
McGrath, C., Palmgren, P. & Lilijedahl, M. (2018). Twelve tips for conducting qualitative research interviews. Medical Teacher, 41(9), 1002-1006. https://doi.org/10.1080/0142159X.2018.1497149
Muswazi, M. & Nhamo, E. (2013). Note taking: A lesson for novice qualitative researchers. IOSR Journal of Research & Method Education, 2(3), 13-17. Retrieved June 13, 2021, from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285778814_Note_taking_a_lesson_for_novice_ qualitative_researchers
Novick, G. (2008). Is there a bias agianst telephone interviews in qualitative research? Research in Nursing & Health, 31(4), 391-398. doi: 10.1002/nur.20259
O’Connor, H. (n.d.). Exploring online research methods in a virtual training environment. University of Leicester. https://www.restore.ac.uk/orm/interviews/intprint3.pdf
Openakker, R. (2006). Advantages and disadvantages of four interview techniques in qualitative research. Forum: Qualitative Research, 7(4). Retrieved April 2021, from https://www.qualitative-research.net/index.php/fqs/article/view/175/392
OpenCounseling. (n.d.). Free telephone counseling hotlines in the United States. https://blog.opencounseling.com/hotlines-us/
Perkins, N. (2015, February 20). What is…? Elite interviewing. [Lecture Recording]. University of Manchester. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QAadyadL07I.
Phillipi, J. & Lauderdale, J. (2017). A guide to field notes for qualitative research: Context and conversation. Qualitative Health Research, 28(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732317697102
Potter, J. & Hepburn, A. (2012). Eight challenges for interview researchers. In J.F. Gubrium & J.A. Holstein (Eds.), Handbook of Interview Research (pp.555-570). SAGE Publications Inc. doi:10.4135/9781452218403.n39
Salmons, J. (2014, May 1). Online interview for scholarly qualitative research [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D-2aEPhGlAo
Salmons, J. (2015). Qualitative online interviews: Strategies, design, and skills. SAGE Publications Inc. https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=ghxzAwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=social+science+research+interviews+online& ots=g3hTWCJGoE&sig=1ZFny4oUN3hLxolng9HJO9DfCjI#v=onepage&q=social%20science%20 research%20interviews%20online&f=false
Schensul, J.J. & Lecompte, M.D. (2013). Specialized ethnographic methods: A mixed methods approach. AltaMira Press.
The School of Life. (2016, May 2). Being a good listener [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-BdbiZcNBXg
Solarino, A.M. & Aguinis, H. (2020). Challenges and best-practice recommendations for designing and conducting interviews with elite informants. Journal of Management Studies, 58(3), 649-672. https://doi.org/10.1111/joms.12620
Teniente, S.F. & Guerra, N.S. (2011). Active listening. In S. Goldstein & J.A. Naglieri (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Child Behavior and Development. Springer.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-79061-9_47
Vanderbilt Writing Studio (n.d.). Tips for writing thick descriptions for ethnographies and case studies. Vanderbilt University. https://cdn.vanderbilt.edu/vu-wp0/wp-content/uploads/sites/164/2019/03/28042421/Taking-Good-Notes-in-the-Field.pdf
Walsh, K. (2020, August 10). Best voice recorders for lectures, interviews, and meetings. Rolling Stone. https://www.rollingstone.com/product-recommendations/lifestyle/best-voice-recorder-1004896/
Weger, H., Bell, G.C., Minei, E.M. & Robinson, M.C. (2014). The relative effectiveness of active listening in initial interactions. International Journal of Listening, 28(1), 13-31. https://doi.org/10.1080/10904018.2013.813234
Weller, S. (2017). Using internet video calls in qualitative (longitudinal) interviews: Some implications for rapport. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 20(6), 613-625. https://doi.org/10.1080/13645579.2016.1269505
Zakaria, R. & Musta’amal, A.H. (2014). Rapport building in qualitative research [unpublished manuscript]. Technical and Engineering Department, The University of Tennessee at Martin.
Preparing your Data for Analysis
Avineri, N. (2017). Research methods for language teaching: Inquiry, process, and synthesis. Macmillan Education UK.
Brady, A. (2017, June 17). Transcription of qualitative data. K-International. https://www.k-international.com/blog/transcription-of-qualitative-data-a-step-by-step-guide-to-transcription-for-academic-research/
Burnard, P., Gill, P., Stewart, K., Treasure, E. & Chadwick, K. (2008). Analyzing and presenting qualitative data. British Dental Journal, 24(8), 429-432. DOI: 10.1038/sj.bdj.2008.292
Carr, D.S., Boyle, E.H., Cornwell, S.J., Crosnoe, R., Freese, J. & Waters, M.C. (2018). The art and science of social research. W.W. Norton & Company, Inc.
Delve (n.d.). Essential guide to coding qualitative data. Delve. https://delvetool.com/guide
DuBois, J.W. (n.d.). Representing discourse. Transcription in action: Resources for the representation of linguistic interaction. http://transcription.projects.linguistics.ucsb.edu/representing
Gerson, K. & Damaske, S. (2020). The science and art of interviewing. Oxford University Press.
Humble, A. (n.d.). Guide to transcribing. Mount Saint Vincent University. https://www.msvu.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/GuideTranscribing.pdf
Kvale, S. (2007). Transcribing Interviews. In S. Kvale (Ed.), Doing interviews(pp. 92-98). Sage Research Methods. https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781849208963.n8
Lareau, A. (2021). Listening to people: A practical guide to interviewing, participant observation, data analysis, and writing it all up. The University of Chicago Press.
Learning for Action. (n.d.). Analyzing qualitative data. http://learningforaction.com/analyzing-qualitative-data
McMullin, C. (2021). Transcription and qualitative methods: Implications for third sector research. Voluntas. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-021-00400-3
Ochs, E. (1979). Transcription as theory. In E. Ochs & B.B. Schieffelin (Eds.), Developmental pragmatics (pp.43-72). Academic Press.
Rev. (n.d.). What is data transcription really? Understand qualitative data transcription to get ahead. Rev. https://www.rev.com/blog/resources/what-is-data-transcription-qualitative-data-transcription-meaning#:~:text=Transcription%20is%20vital%20for%20qualitative,into%20the%20data%20they%20collect
Social Science Research Council & The Qualitative Data Repository. (n.d.). Sharing human participant data. https://managing-qualitative-data.org/modules/3/b/
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